Tutorial 1

 ------- DMA_.CPP

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

    

//int *arr = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));

// to allocate and initialize a block of memory to Garbage Value.

    int* value1 = new int; 

    

// int *arr = (int*)calloc(5, sizeof(int)); 

 //to allocate and initialize a block of memory to zero.

    int* value2 = new int();

    

// Assiging the value including DMA

    int* value3 = new int(5);

    

    

// Allocate memory for an array of 5 ints and initialize them to zero

    int* arr = new int[10]{}; // {} initializes to zero, similar to = {0}

    int* arr1 = new int[10]; // {} initializes to zero, similar to = {0}

    

 

cout << *value1 << endl;

cout << *value2 << endl;

cout << *value3 << endl;

cout << "\n\n\n" << endl;

  cout << "Values of the array:" << endl;

    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) 

{

        cout << "arr[" << i << "] = " << arr[i] << endl;

    }

    

    // Deallocate the memory

    delete[] arr;

    delete value1;

    delete value2;

    delete value3;

    

 /*   

 In C, realloc is used to resize a previously allocated block of memory.

 In C++, you can use new[] to allocate an array of elements and delete[] 

 to deallocate the entire array. Resizing is not directly supported by new and delete,

 so you may need to manually allocate a new array, copy elements, 

 and then deallocate the old array.

 */

 

// int *resized_arr = (int*)realloc(arr, 10 * sizeof(int));

 int *resized_arr = new int[10];

       delete resized_arr;

    return 0;

}

---------DMA_2

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void swap_by_value(int x, int y)

{

    

    int temp = x;

    x = y;

    y = temp; 

    cout << x << endl;

    cout << y << endl;

}

 int main() 

{ 

int a = 5, b = 10; 

swap_by_value(a, b); 

// Copies of a and b are passed 

// After the function //call, a remains 5 and b remains 10.

cout << a << endl;

cout << b << endl;

 return 0;

 }

----- DMA_3

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void swap_by_reference(int &x, int &y)

 { 

// References to a and b are passed

    int temp = x;  

    x = y; 

    y = temp;

    cout << x << endl;

    cout << y << endl;

  }

  int main() { 

        int a = 5, b = 10; 

        swap_by_reference(a, b); 

    // After the function call, a becomes 10 and b becomes 5. return 0; 

    cout << a << endl;

    cout << b << endl;

 return 0;

    }