C Language Tutorial

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From Tutorial 1 to 7

printf("Hi, I am new user of C language!\n");
int a=12;
char b='e';
float c=12.5033f;
double e=45.2333333;
  
printf("The value of a: %d\n",a);
printf("The value of c: %c\n",b);
printf("The value of c: %f\n",c);
printf("The value of e:%lf\n",e);
  
printf("%d\n",sizeof(int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(char));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(float));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(double));
              
//integer=4 bytes == 32bits max=2147483647 min=-2147483648
//Character=1 bytes == 8bits ==256 no negative value
//Float=4 bytes == 32bits max=2147483647 min=-2147483648
//Double=8 bytes == 64bits max=9223372036854775807 min=9223372036854775808
  
int aa=-2147483648; ;
printf("The value of aa: %d\n",aa);
char bb ='c';
printf("The value of bb: %c\n",bb);
float cc=2147483647.564f;
printf("The value of cc: %f\n",cc);
double dd=9223372036854775807.564;
printf("The value of dd: %lf\n",cc);

unsigned int a=1;
unsigned short int b=-1;
unsigned long int c=2;
signed int aaa=-1;
signed short int d=-231;
signed long int e=-561;

printf("%u\n",a);
printf("%hu\n",b);
printf("%lu\n",c);
printf("%d\n",aaa);
printf("%hd\n",d);
printf("%ld\n",e);

printf("\n\n\n");
printf("%d\n",sizeof(unsigned int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(unsigned short int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(unsigned long int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(signed int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(signed short int));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(signed long int));

char a='1';
signed char bb='1';
unsigned char cc='1';
printf("%d\n",sizeof(char));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(signed char));
printf("%d\n",sizeof(unsigned char));
printf("%c\n",a);
printf("%c\n",bb);
printf("%c\n",cc);
long double dd =123.1234006;
printf("%Lf\n",dd);

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From Tutorial 7 to 13

nt a=2, b=2, add, mul,sub, div, mod,mix;
add = a+b;
mul=a*b;
sub=a-b;
div=a/b;
mod=a%b;
mix=(a + b)* a * (b % a);

printf("%d\n",add);
printf("%d\n",mul);
printf("%d\n",sub);
printf("%d\n",div);
printf("%d\n",mod);
printf("MIX: %d\n",mix);
                  
//Relational Operator (> ,< , >= ,<=, !=, ==)
printf("%d\n", 5 > 4);
printf("%d\n", 5 < 4);
printf("%d\n", 5 >= 4);
printf("%d\n", 5 <= 4);
printf("%d\n", 5 != 4);
printf("%d\n", 5 == 4);
  
//Assignment Operator in C (=,+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
//All Operation will be performed using update the operator

int z=10;
z=z%2;
printf("%d\n", z);
//+=
z=2;
printf("%d\n", z);

//Logical Operator in C (&&, ||, !)
  
int a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4;
int result1 = ( (a==b) && (c<d) ) || (d==4);
printf("%d\n",result1);
  
int result2 = (a==b) || (c<d);
printf("%d\n",result2);
  
int result3 =!(a==b);
printf("%d\n",result3);
  
//ternary Operatory (? :)
int zz = (a!=b) ? 20 : 30;
printf("%d\n",zz);

//Bitwise operator
// Operator &, | , ^, ~, >>, <<
int a=3;//  0010
int b=2;

printf("%d\n",a | b);
printf("%d\n",a & b);
printf("%d\n",a ^ b);
printf("%d\n",~a);
printf("%d\n",a >> b);
printf("%d\n",a << b);

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From Tutorial 14

//if statement family (if, if-else, if-elseif, if-elseif-else)
//only if family
int age;
printf("Enter your age\n");
scanf("%f",&age);
if(age>=18)
{
printf("Your age is 18 or 18 Plus");
}
//if with else
int age;
printf("Enter your age\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
  
if(age>=18)
{
printf("Your Enter Age is: [%d]",age);
}
else
{
printf("Here is your Default Else Condition!");
}
// if elseif

int age;
printf("Enter your age\n");
scanf("%d",&age);

if(age>=18)
{
printf("Your Enter Age is: [%d]",age);
}
else if(age<=18)
{
printf("Your Enter  Age is less then 18: [%d]",age);
}


// if elseif + else

int age;
printf("Enter your age\n");
scanf("%d",&age);

if(age>=18)
{
printf("Your Enter Age is: [%d]",age);
}
else if(age<=18)
{
printf("Your Enter  Age is less then 18: [%d]",age);
}
else
{
printf("Default, else");
}

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From Tutorial 15 to 18

//Loop:
// for loop
//i++, i=i+1
//i=i+10
//i+=10
int i,j;
for (i=0; i<10;i++)
{
printf("The value of i is now: %d\n",i);
for(j=0;j<=10;j++)
{
printf("The value of j is now: %d\n",j);
}
}

//While Loop in C
int i=11;
while(i<=10)
{
printf("The value of i is now: %d\n",i);
i++;
}


//Do While loop
int i=11;
do
{
printf("The value of i is now: %d\n",i);
i++;
}
while(i<=10);


   //Loop MashUp
int i;
for(i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
printf("For loop value: %d\n",i);
int j=0,k=0;
while (j<=10)
{
printf("While loop value: %d\n",j);
j++;
}
do
{
printf("Do-While loop value: %d\n",k);
k++;
}while(k<=10);

}

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From Tutorial 18 to 20

// Switch Case in C ( work like as if-else) 
// Including the nested switch 

int i=1;
switch(i)
{
case 1:
{
printf("The value of i is 1");
int ii=1;
switch(ii)
{
case 1:
{
printf("NEsted Value of ii is 1");
break;
}
case 2:
{
printf("NEsted Value of ii is 2");
break;
}
default:
{
printf("Nested Default!");
}
}
break;

}
case 2:
{
printf("The value of i is 2");
break;
}
case 3:
{
printf("The value of i is 3");
break;
}
default:
{
printf("Default!");
}
}

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// Jump Statements in C (break, continue, goto)
//break
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
{
continue; //BREAK
}
printf("%d\n",i);
}


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//goto

printf("This is first line of code\n");
printf("This is second line of code\n");

goto one;
printf("This is third line of code\n");
printf("This is fourth line of code\n");

one:
{
printf("This is fifth line of code\n");
printf("This is sixth line of code\n");
printf("This is seventh line of code\n");
}


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// Logic Building Practice Question
// (using all concept what ever we learnt so far...

//PROBLEM 1
//Table according to the user
int table,i;
printf("Enter you table Number\n");
scanf("%d",&table);
// 2 * 1 = 2
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
//printf("%d * %d = %d\n",table,i, table*i);
printf("%d *",table);
printf("%d =",i);
printf("%d",table*i);
printf("\n");
}

//PROBLEM 2
int i;
for(i=1;i<=7;i++)
{
if(i==7)
{
printf("%d",i);
break;
}
printf("%d, ",i);
}

//PROBLEM 3
int i;
for(i=3;i<=25;i=i+5)
{
if(i==23)
{
printf("%d",i);
break;
}
printf("%d, ",i);
}
int i;
for(i=20;i>=-10;i=i-6)
{
if(i==-10)
{
printf("%d",i);
break;
}
printf("%d, ",i);
}

//PROBLEM 4

int i;
for(i=19;i<=51;i=i+8)
{
if(i==51)
{
printf("%d",i);
break;
}
printf("%d, ",i);
}



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///Logic Building Session # 02:
////Logic building 2
//PROBLEM 5
// sum of (1-10) number to display
int i; int sum=0; for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { sum=sum+i; //0+1+2+3+4+..10 } printf("The sum of 1 to 5 numbers are: %d",sum); //PROBLEM 6

//Sum of the sequence of integer provided by user int i=0; int sum=0,numqty,number; printf("Enter the number of integer to sum togther?\n"); scanf("%d",&numqty); for (i=1;i<=numqty;i++) { printf("Enter integer number one by one to sumup\n"); scanf("%d",&number); sum =sum+ number; } printf("The sum of User's entered values: %d",sum);
//PROBLEM 7//int avg = 1+2+3+4+5/5; //printf("%d",avg); int i=0, num; float count=0; float avg; int sum=0; while(num!=9999) { printf("Enter an integer besites 9999, if you press 9999 the program exit"); scanf("%d",&num); if(num==9999) { break; } else { sum=sum+num; count++; i++; } } avg=sum/count; printf("The AVG of entered numbers is: %f", avg);  

//PROBLEM 8
//int z, c=3;
//if(a>=b && b>=c) //{ //z=a; //} //else //{ //z=b; //} int number, value, smallest, i,largest; printf("Enter your number of integers... to find which one is smalles\n"); scanf("%d",&number); printf("Enter your first integer\n"); scanf("%d",&smallest); for(i=2;i<=number;i++) { printf("Enter you next values\n"); scanf("%d",&value); if(value<smallest) { smallest=value; } else if(value>smallest) { largest=value; } } printf("The Smallest value is: %d\n",smallest); printf("The Largest value is: %d\n",largest);

//PROBLEM 9int i; int sum=0,sum1=0; for(i=1;i<=10;i++) { if(i%2==0) { //2 %2 sum=sum+i; } if(i%2==1) { //2 %2 sum1=sum1+i; } } printf("The sum of even integer from 2 to 30 : %d\n", sum); printf("The sum of ODD integer from 2 to 30 : %d", sum1);


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///Logic Building Session # 03:
//PROBLEM 10
printf("Testing \n");
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=5;j++)
{
printf("*");   

}
printf("\n");
}


//PROBLEM 11
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("*");   
}
printf("\n");
}


//PROBLEM 12
int i,j;
for(i=5;i>0;i--)
{
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
{
printf("*");   
}
printf("\n");
}


//PROBLEM 13
int i,j,rows=5,k;
for(i=1;i<=rows;i++)
{
for(j=i;j<rows;j++)
{
printf(" ");   
}
for (k=1;k<=i;k++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}


//PROBLEM 14
int i,j,rows=5,k;
for(i=5;i>=1;i--)
{
for(j=5;j>=i;j--)
{
printf(" ");   
}
for (k=1;k<=i;k++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}


//PROBLEM 5
int row, c, n=5,s=5;
for(row=1; row<=n;row++)
{
for(c=1;c<s;c++)
{
printf(" ");
}
s--;
for( c=1; c<=2*row-1; c++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}

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From Tutorial 24 to 26


//int a=1,2, float b=23.99, char d='d';
//Array:A series of values but in homogenous sequence.
//1D
//2D
//Jagged Array

//What is index Number in Array
//What is the size of Array
//why we use Array

//Syntax of Array
//Datatype arrayname[Size];

int arr[10];
int arr1[5]={5,3,6,9,7};
size=5
indexs=4
int arr2[];
int arr3[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};

//1D Array element access, with its index number 
int arr[5]={5,3,4,6,9};
int i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("The element in array %d, at index: %d\n",arr[i],i);
}

// Sum of all element in 1D Array
int arr[6]={5,3,4,6,9,10};
int i,sum=0;
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
sum = sum+arr[i]; //0+5, 5+3, 8+4, 12+6, 18+9 ==
}
printf("Sum of Array all elements: %d",arr);

// Sum of all element in 1D Array
int arr[10]={5,3,4,6,9,10,3,4,7,8};
int i,sum=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
sum = sum+arr[i]; //0+5, 5+3, 8+4, 12+6, 18+9 ==
}
printf("Sum of Array all elements: %d",sum);
int numofElement=sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int);
double avg=sum/numofElement;
printf("The Average of all element in Array: %lf\n",avg);

int n;
printf("Enter the size of array \n");
scanf("%d",&n);

int arr[n],i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the elemnt at index: %d : value: ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("\n\n\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("The element in array %d, at index: %d\n",arr[i],i);
}

// Greatest and smallest values finding from 1D Array
int arr[6]={55,99,4,6,-9,10};
int i,smallest=arr[0], largest=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
if(arr[i]>largest)
{
largest=arr[i];
}
if(arr[i]<smallest)
{
smallest=arr[i];
}
}
printf("The largest value in Array arr: %d\n",largest);
printf("The smallest value in Array arr: %d\n",smallest);


//Search Number from Array's Element
int arr[6]={5,99,4,5,-9,10};
int i,search,found;
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",arr[i]);
}
printf("enter the number to search in Array's elements'");
scanf("%d",&search);

for(i=0;i<6;i++)
{
if(search==arr[i])
{
found=1;
break;
}
else
{
found=2;
}
}
if(found==1)
{
printf("Search number is present");
}
else
{
printf("Search number is not present");

}


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From Tutorial 27 to 28

/// 2D Array = Dimensional are 2 (rows and columns)
//syntax:
//dataTypes nameofArray[SizeofRow][SizeofColumns];
//int arr[2][2];
//int arr1[3][3]={100,2,3,46,44,6,91,800,7};
//int arr2[2][2]={(1,2),(3,46)};


int i,j;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("The value of 2D array %d at index number: [%d%d]\n",arr1[i][j],i,j);
}
}

int i,j,sum =0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
sum = sum +arr1[i][j];
printf("The value of 2D array %d at index number: [%d%d]\n",arr1[i][j],i,j);
}
}
printf("The sum of 2d Array is: %d\n",sum);
int numberofelemets = sizeof(arr1)/sizeof(int);
//printf("%d\n",numberofelemets);
double avg = sum/numberofelemets;
printf("The Average of 2Darray's Element is: %.2lf",avg);


int i,j,sum =0, evensum=0, oddsum=0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
sum = sum +arr1[i][j];
if(arr1[i][j] % 2== 0)
{
evensum= evensum + arr1[i][j];
}
else
{
oddsum= oddsum + arr1[i][j];
}
}
}
printf("The sum of 2d Array is: %d\n",sum);
printf("The sum of evennumber in 2d Array is: %d\n",evensum);
printf("The sum of oddsum in 2d Array is: %d\n",oddsum);



int i,j,sum =0,greatest=arr1[0][0], smallest=arr1[0][0];
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
if(smallest > arr1[i][j])
{
smallest = arr1[i][j];
}
if(greatest < arr1[i][j])
{
greatest = arr1[i][j];
}
}
}
printf("The smallest value in 2d Array: %d\n",smallest);
printf("The largest value in 2d Array: %d\n",greatest);



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From Tutorial 29

int *ptr, q;
q = 50;
ptr = &q;
printf("%d", *ptr);


int var = 5;
printf("Value: %d\n", var);
printf("Address: %u", &var);



int *pc, c;
c = 22;
printf("Address of c: %u\n", &c);
printf("Value of c: %d\n\n", c);
 
pc = &c;
printf("Address of pointer pc: %u\n", pc);
printf("Content of pointer pc: %d\n\n", *pc);
 
c = 11;
printf("Address of pointer pc: %u\n", pc);
printf("Content of pointer pc: %d\n\n", *pc);
 
*pc = 2;
printf("Address of c: %u\n", &c);

printf("Value of c: %d\n\n", c);




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From Tutorial 30 to 31


#include<stdio.h>
void firstFunction();
void secondFunction();
int SumTogether();
int SumwithParameters(int a, int b);

main()
{
firstFunction();
secondFunction();
int z = SumTogether();
printf("%d\n",z);
int y = SumwithParameters(10,2);
printf("%d\n",y);
}
void firstFunction()
{
printf("hi, I am function of C langauge\n");
}

void secondFunction()
{
printf("hi, I am function of C langauge (SecondFunction)\n");
}

int SumTogether()
{
int a=12, b=10;
return a+b;
}
int SumwithParameters(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;

}


--------------


#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a=22;
inc(&a);
printf("%d\n",a);
}
void inc(int *ptr)
{
*ptr = *ptr +1;
}

--------------


void swapnum ( int *var1, int *var2 )
{
int tempnum ;
tempnum = *var1 ;
*var1 = *var2 ;
*var2 = tempnum ;
}
int main( )
{
int num1 = 35, num2 = 45 ;
printf("Before swapping:");
printf("\nnum1 value is %d", num1);
printf("\nnum2 value is %d", num2);

swapnum( &num1, &num2 );

printf("\nAfter swapping:");
printf("\nnum1 value is %d", num1);
printf("\nnum2 value is %d", num2);
return 0;
}

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From Tutorial 32 to 33

/*
The function getchar() stand for get character and  inputs a single character from the keyboard. When call the function waits for a key to be pressed. You can input the character as either a char or //int type because getchar() function treat characters as integers and accept the ASCII value of //character as variable of type int.
*/

//char c;
//c =getchar();
//printf("The value of c is: %c\n",c);


int c;
c =getchar();
printf("The value of c is: %d\n",c);

/*
The getch and getche() are to very similiar function whcih use for  same purpose the gets means it gets some input the ch means it gets a character. The difference between them, the function getche() echoes (display) the character that you types to the screen(the letter a in getche() stands for echo) whereas getch() just returns the character that you types without echoing it on the screen.
*/

char aa ,bb;
printf("Enter a character:");
aa =getche();

//printf("Enter a character:");
//bb =getch();


/*
The function putchar() put character and display only a single char value on the monitor. The char can be a character variable r the character itself contained in single quotes.
*/

putch('xyz');
putchar('abc');

*/
The gets() function enables the user to enter some characters followed by the enter key. All the characters entered by the user get stored in a character array. The null character is added to the array to make it a string. The gets() allows the user to enter the space-se//parated strings. It returns the string entered by the user.
  */

  //puts
int a=12;
puts("The puts function line 1: %d");
puts("The puts function line 2");


*/
The gets() function enables the user to enter some characters followed by the enter key. All the characters entered by the user get stored in a character array. The null character is added to the array to make it a string. The gets() allows the user to enter the space-separated strings. It returns the string
entered by the user.
 /*

 char s[30];
 printf("Enter your string/name");
 gets(s);

 printf("Your Enter name is: %s",s);

______________   ______________


char s[30];
printf("Enter your Name\n");
gets(s);
printf("The entered name is: %s",s);


// strlen() builtin Function of C

char s[30];
printf("Enter your Name\n");
gets(s);
printf("length of string %d",strlen(s));

// strcpy() builtin Function of C

char str1[ ] = "Welcome to" ;
char str2[ ]= " " ;
printf ( "\nSource string = %s", str1 ) ;
printf ( "\nTarget string = %s", str2 ) ;
strcpy( str2, str1) ;
printf ( "\nTarget string after strcpy( ) = %s", str2 );
 

// strcmp () builtin Function of C

char str1[] = "new" ;
char str2[] = "news" ;
int i, j, k ;
i = strcmp ( str1, "new" ) ;
j = strcmp ( str1, str2 ) ;
k = strcmp ( str1, "e" ) ;
printf ( "\n%d %d %d", i, j, k ) ;
 

// strcopy() builtin Function of C

char str1[ ] = "Welcome to" ;
char str2[ ]= "C language" ;
char str3[ ]= "";
strcat ( str1, str2 ) ;  //String Concatenation
printf ( "\nTarget string after strcat( ) = %s\n", str1 ) ;
strcpy(str3,"Hello World"); //String copy
printf("\n %s",str3 );

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From Tutorial 34 to 36

#define c 1
const a =12;
main()
{
int i =12;
printf("%d\n",i);
i++;
printf("%d\n",i);

printf("%d\n",c);
c++;
printf("%d\n",c);
}



struct info
{
char name[20];
int ID;
double marks
} smp1, smp2, smp[5];
int i, j;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&smp[i].ID);
scanf("%lf",&smp[i].marks);
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",smp[i].ID);
printf("%lf\n",smp[i].marks);
}
/*
strcpy( smp1.name,"Fahad Hussain");
smp1.ID =12;
smp1.marks = 12.50;

printf("%s\n",smp1.name);
printf("%d\n",smp1.ID);
printf("%lf\n",smp1.marks);

strcpy( smp2.name,"Ali Hussain");
smp2.ID =50;
smp2.marks = 50.60;

printf("%s\n",smp2.name);
printf("%d\n",smp2.ID);
printf("%lf\n",smp2.marks);




union info
{
char name[20];
int ID;
double marks
} smp1;

strcpy( smp1.name,"Fahad Hussain");
printf("%s\n",smp1.name);

smp1.ID =12;
printf("%d\n",smp1.ID);

smp1.marks = 12.50;
printf("%lf\n",smp1.marks);


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From Tutorial 37 to 38

#include<stdio.h>
//auto int aa =10; //error
void ABC();

//int a= 150;

main()
{
//What is stroage classes in C
//Auto   //local//within function/method, Stack...
//Register // CPU register
//Extern
//Static


//auto int a =10;
//{
//auto int aa;
//printf("%d\n",aa);
//}

//printf("%d\n",a);


//register int number=12, sum=0, i;

//for(i=1;i<=12;i++)
//{
// sum =sum +i;
//}
/printf("The sum of 1- 12 is: %d",sum);


//extern a;
////printf("%d\n",a);
ABC();
ABC();
ABC();
ABC();
}

void ABC()
{
static int b =12;
printf("%d\n",b);
b++;
}



#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
//Pointer: int *a;

//Basic File Creation
FILE *fp;

//fopen("Fahad.text","")
fp = fopen("test.txt","w");


fp = fopen("test.txt","r");
int ch = fgetc(fp); /*char values are returned in int form  return -1
printf("%d\n",ch);
fclose(fp);



FILE *fp = fopen("test.txt", "a"); /* File already created and data is inserted */
int i,ch;
for(i=65;i<=100;i++)
{
ch = putc(i,fp); /*fputc writes into the file */
To display the contents of the file on the screen */
putchar(ch);
 }
}

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From Tutorial 39

//What is casting also called (type casting)
// how can we use it in C

int a=17;
int b=3;
double c;

c = (double) a/b;
printf("%lf\n",c);

//char c= 'c';
//int b= 12;


int  a = 25;
char b = 'a'; /* ascii value will be considered
int sum;

//25a
sum = a + b;

printf("%d\n",sum);


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From Tutorial 40

main()
{
//Fibonacci Series 0,1,1,2,3,5,8 .....
int i;
for (i=0;i<=15;i++)
{
printf("%d ,",fibo(i));
}

///  1!= 1  2! = 2*1,  3! = 3*2*1 =6 ,4!  ...

int ii;
for(ii =0 ;ii<=10;ii++)
{
printf("The fact of is: %d\n",fact(ii));
}
}



 int fibo(int i)
 {
  if(i==0)
  {
  return 0;
}
if(i==1)
  {
  return 1;
}
return fibo(i-1) + fibo(i-2);
 }



 int fact(int i)
 {
  if(i<=1)
  {
  return 1;
}
// 4 == 4*3*2*1
return i * fact(i-1);

 }